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The High Angular Resolution Multiplicity of Massive Stars
We present the results of a speckle interferometric survey of Galacticmassive stars that complements and expands upon a similar survey madeover a decade ago. The speckle observations were made with the Kitt PeakNational Observatory and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory 4 mtelescopes and USNO speckle camera, and they are sensitive to thedetection of binaries in the angular separation regime between 0farcs03and 5'' with relatively bright companions (ΔV < 3). We reporton the discovery of companions to 14 OB stars. In total we resolvedcompanions of 41 of 385 O-stars (11%), 4 of 37 Wolf-Rayet stars (11%),and 89 of 139 B-stars (64%; an enriched visual binary sample that weselected for future orbital determinations). We made a statisticalanalysis of the binary frequency among the subsample that are listed inthe Galactic O Star Catalog by compiling published data on other visualcompanions detected through adaptive optics studies and/or noted in theWashington Double Star Catalog and by collecting published informationon radial velocities and spectroscopic binaries. We find that the binaryfrequency is much higher among O-stars in clusters and associationscompared to the numbers for field and runaway O-stars, consistent withpredictions for the ejection processes for runaway stars. We present afirst orbit for the O-star δ Orionis; a linear solution of theclose, apparently optical, companion of the O-star ι Orionis; andan improved orbit of the Be star δ Scorpii. Finally, we listastrometric data for another 249 resolved and 221 unresolved targetsthat are lower mass stars that we observed for various other scienceprograms.
| Formation scenarios for the young stellar associations between galactic longitudes l = 280degr - 360degr
We investigate the spatial distribution, the space velocities and agedistribution of the pre-main sequence (PMS) stars belonging toOphiuchus, Lupus and Chamaeleon star-forming regions (SFRs), and of theyoung early-type star members of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association.These young stellar associations extend over the galactic longituderange from 280degr to 360degr , and are at a distance interval ofaround 100 and 200 pc. This study is based on a compilation ofdistances, proper motions and radial velocities from the literature forthe kinematic properties, and of basic stellar data for the constructionof Hertzsprung-Russel diagrams. Although there was no well-known OBassociation in Chamaeleon, the distances and the proper motions of agroup of 21 B- and A-type stars, taken from the Hipparcos Catalogue,lead us to propose that they form a young association. We show that theyoung early-type stars of the OB associations and the PMS stars of theSFRs follow a similar spatial distribution, i.e., there is no separationbetween the low and the high-mass young stars. We find no difference inthe kinematics nor in the ages of these two populations studied.Considering not only the stars selected by kinematic criteria but thewhole sample of young early-type stars, the scattering of their propermotions is similar to that of the PMS stars and all the young starsexhibit a common direction of motion. The space velocities of theHipparcos PMS stars of each SFR are compatible with the mean values ofthe OB associations. The PMS stars in each SFR span a wide range of ages(from 1 to 20 Myr). The ages of the OB subgroups are 8-10 Myr for UpperScorpius (US), and 16-20 Myr for Upper Centaurus Lupus (UCL) and forLower Centaurus Crux (LCC). Thus, our results do not confirm that UCL isolder than the LCC association. Based on these results and theuncertainties associated with the age determination, we cannot say thatthere is indeed a difference in the age of the two populations. Weanalyze the different scenarios for the triggering of large-scalestar-formation that have been proposed up to now, and argue that mostprobably we are observing a spiral arm that passes close to the Sun. Thealignment of young stars and molecular clouds and the average velocityof the stars in the opposite direction to the Galactic rotation agreewith the expected behavior of star formation in nearby spiral arms.Tables 1 to 4 are only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/404/913
| Astrometric radial velocities. III. Hipparcos measurements of nearby star clusters and associations
Radial motions of stars in nearby moving clusters are determined fromaccurate proper motions and trigonometric parallaxes, without any use ofspectroscopy. Assuming that cluster members share the same velocityvector (apart from a random dispersion), we apply a maximum-likelihoodmethod on astrometric data from Hipparcos to compute radial and spacevelocities (and their dispersions) in the Ursa Major, Hyades, ComaBerenices, Pleiades, and Praesepe clusters, and for theScorpius-Centaurus, alpha Persei, and ``HIP 98321'' associations. Theradial motion of the Hyades cluster is determined to within 0.4 kms-1 (standard error), and that of its individual stars towithin 0.6 km s-1. For other clusters, Hipparcos data yieldastrometric radial velocities with typical accuracies of a few kms-1. A comparison of these astrometric values withspectroscopic radial velocities in the literature shows a good generalagreement and, in the case of the best-determined Hyades cluster, alsopermits searches for subtle astrophysical differences, such as evidencefor enhanced convective blueshifts of F-dwarf spectra, and decreasedgravitational redshifts in giants. Similar comparisons for the ScorpiusOB2 complex indicate some expansion of its associations, albeit slowerthan expected from their ages. As a by-product from the radial-velocitysolutions, kinematically improved parallaxes for individual stars areobtained, enabling Hertzsprung-Russell diagrams with unprecedentedaccuracy in luminosity. For the Hyades (parallax accuracy 0.3 mas), itsmain sequence resembles a thin line, possibly with wiggles in it.Although this main sequence has underpopulated regions at certaincolours (previously suggested to be ``Böhm-Vitense gaps''), suchare not visible for other clusters, and are probably spurious. Futurespace astrometry missions carry a great potential for absoluteradial-velocity determinations, insensitive to the complexities ofstellar spectra. Based on observations by the ESA Hipparcos satellite.Extended versions of Tables \ref{tab1} and \ref{tab2} are available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.125.8) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/381/446
| Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer Observations of Molecular Hydrogen in Translucent Interstellar Clouds. II. The Line of Sight toward HD 110432
We report the second study from the FUSE survey of molecular hydrogen intranslucent clouds for the line of sight toward HD 110432. This starlies beyond the Coalsack dark nebula, and, with E(B-V)=0.40 andAV=1.32, this line of sight bridges the gap betweenless-extinguished diffuse-cloud lines of sight with AV~1,such as ζ Ophiuchi, and translucent-cloud lines of sight withAV>~2, such as HD 73882. Through profile fitting and acurve-of-growth analysis, we have derived rotational populations forH2 for J=0-7. The line of sight has a total molecularhydrogen column density, logN(H2)=20.68+/-0.05cm-2, nearly identical to that toward ζ Oph but a factorof 3 less than that toward HD 73882. The ratio of N(J=1) to N(J=0)yields a kinetic temperature Tkin=63+/-7 K, which is similarto other lines of sight with AV>~1. The high-J lines showconsiderable excitation above this temperature. However, the high-Jlines cannot be well fitted to a single excitation temperature, and theeven-J lines of para-hydrogen appear slightly enhanced relative to theodd-J lines of ortho-hydrogen. The high-J excitation is similar to thattoward ζ Oph but is much smaller than that toward HD 73882.Chemical modeling indicates that the physical conditions in the cloud(s)are very similar to those in the cloud(s) toward ζ Oph. An analysisof IUE spectra of the Lyα line gives N(H I)=20.85+/-0.15cm-2. Combined with N(H2), we derive a hydrogenmolecular fraction, fH2=0.58+/-0.12, statisticallyidentical to that found for the lines of sight toward ζ Oph and HD73882. From the FUSE data and a curve-of-growth analysis using the samecomponent structure as H2, we findlogN(HD)=15.2+0.7-0.4 cm-2, which isbetween the values found for ζ Oph and HD 73882. Profile fittingsuggests smaller b values for HD than for H2, andlogN(HD)=16.0+0.2-0.3 cm-2. From FUSEand IUE data, we derive logN(CO)~14.3 cm-2, assuming the samecomponent structure as CH or logN(CO)~14.8 cm-2, if allobserved CO is cospatial with the strongest CH component. From thecombined measurements of hydrogen- and carbon-containing molecules, theline of sight toward HD 110432 appears quite similar to thediffuse-cloud line of sight toward ζ Oph and quite dissimilar tothe translucent-cloud line of sight toward HD 73882. Upcoming FUSEobservations will further explore the transition between diffuse andtranslucent clouds.
| A HIPPARCOS Census of the Nearby OB Associations
A comprehensive census of the stellar content of the OB associationswithin 1 kpc from the Sun is presented, based on Hipparcos positions,proper motions, and parallaxes. It is a key part of a long-term projectto study the formation, structure, and evolution of nearby young stellargroups and related star-forming regions. OB associations are unbound``moving groups,'' which can be detected kinematically because of theirsmall internal velocity dispersion. The nearby associations have a largeextent on the sky, which traditionally has limited astrometricmembership determination to bright stars (V<~6 mag), with spectraltypes earlier than ~B5. The Hipparcos measurements allow a majorimprovement in this situation. Moving groups are identified in theHipparcos Catalog by combining de Bruijne's refurbished convergent pointmethod with the ``Spaghetti method'' of Hoogerwerf & Aguilar.Astrometric members are listed for 12 young stellar groups, out to adistance of ~650 pc. These are the three subgroups Upper Scorpius, UpperCentaurus Lupus, and Lower Centaurus Crux of Sco OB2, as well as VelOB2, Tr 10, Col 121, Per OB2, alpha Persei (Per OB3), Cas-Tau, Lac OB1,Cep OB2, and a new group in Cepheus, designated as Cep OB6. Theselection procedure corrects the list of previously known astrometricand photometric B- and A-type members in these groups and identifiesmany new members, including a significant number of F stars, as well asevolved stars, e.g., the Wolf-Rayet stars gamma^2 Vel (WR 11) in Vel OB2and EZ CMa (WR 6) in Col 121, and the classical Cepheid delta Cep in CepOB6. Membership probabilities are given for all selected stars. MonteCarlo simulations are used to estimate the expected number of interloperfield stars. In the nearest associations, notably in Sco OB2, thelater-type members include T Tauri objects and other stars in the finalpre-main-sequence phase. This provides a firm link between the classicalhigh-mass stellar content and ongoing low-mass star formation. Detailedstudies of these 12 groups, and their relation to the surroundinginterstellar medium, will be presented elsewhere. Astrometric evidencefor moving groups in the fields of R CrA, CMa OB1, Mon OB1, Ori OB1, CamOB1, Cep OB3, Cep OB4, Cyg OB4, Cyg OB7, and Sct OB2, is inconclusive.OB associations do exist in many of these regions, but they are eitherat distances beyond ~500 pc where the Hipparcos parallaxes are oflimited use, or they have unfavorable kinematics, so that the groupproper motion does not distinguish it from the field stars in theGalactic disk. The mean distances of the well-established groups aresystematically smaller than the pre-Hipparcos photometric estimates.While part of this may be caused by the improved membership lists, arecalibration of the upper main sequence in the Hertzsprung-Russelldiagram may be called for. The mean motions display a systematicpattern, which is discussed in relation to the Gould Belt. Six of the 12detected moving groups do not appear in the classical list of nearby OBassociations. This is sometimes caused by the absence of O stars, but inother cases a previously known open cluster turns out to be (part of) anextended OB association. The number of unbound young stellar groups inthe solar neighborhood may be significantly larger than thoughtpreviously.
| The distance and structure of the Coalsack. I - Photometric data
The results of UBV and H-beta photometry for 284 stars of spectral typesB to F located in the area of the dark cloud Coalsack are presented.Most of the present stars are brighter than 10.0 mag and are classifiedin the MK system of Houk and Cowley (1975). For each star, the bestvalues for the extinction and distance modulus are provided, withtypical estimated errors of + or - 0.08 mag for the extinction and + or- 0.32 mag for the distance modulus. Possible misclassifications andspectral peculiarities are noted for several of the stars.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Musca |
| Right ascension: | 12h44m57.39s |
| Declination: | -65°19'09.3" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 8.541 |
| Distance: | 174.52 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | -21.7 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -4.4 |
| B-T magnitude: | 8.942 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.575 |
Catalogs and designations:
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