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On the nature of lithium-rich giant stars. Constraints from beryllium abundances
We have derived beryllium abundances for 7 Li-rich giant (A(Li) >1.5) stars and 10 other Li-normal giants with the aim of investigatingthe origin of the lithium in the Li-rich giants. In particular, we testthe predictions of the engulfment scenario proposed by Siess & Livio(1999, MNRAS, 308, 1133), where the engulfment of a brown dwarf or oneor more giant planets would lead to simultaneous enrichment of7Li and 9Be. We show that regardless of theirnature, none of the stars studied in this paper were found to havedetectable beryllium. Using simple dilution arguments we show thatengulfment of an external object as the sole source of Li enrichment isruled out by the Li and Be abundance data. The present results favor theidea that Li has been produced in the interior of the stars by aCameron-Fowler process and brought up to the surface by an extra mixingmechanism.
| Rapidly Rotating Lithium-rich K Giants: The New Case of the Giant PDS 365
PDS 365 is a newly detected, rapidly rotating (vsini=20 kms-1), single, low-mass giant star that with HD 233517 and HD219025 forms a remarkable ensemble of single K giants with the uniqueproperties of rapid rotation, very strong Li lines, an asymmetricalHα profile, and a large far-infrared excess. Their vsini valuesare between 18 and 23 km s-1, and their LTE Li abundances,logɛ(Li), are between 2.9 and 3.9. Detailed analysis of PDS 365reveals it to be a ~1 Msolar giant with a value of12C/13C approximately equal to 12. A clearrelation between high rotational velocities and very high Li abundancesfor K giant stars is found only when asymmetrical Hα profiles andlarge far-infrared excesses are present. If we consider single K giants,we find that among rapid (vsini>=8 km s-1) rotators, avery large proportion (~50%) are Li-rich giants. This proportion is incontrast with a very low proportion (~2%) of Li-rich stars among themuch more common slowly rotating K giants. This striking difference isdiscussed in terms of proposed mechanisms for Li enrichment.
| Long-term monitoring of active stars. IX. Photometry collected in 1993
As a part of an extensive program focused on the global properties andevolution of active stars, high-precision UBV(RI)_c and UBV photometryof 31 selected stars is presented. The UBV(RI)_c observations werecollected at the European Southern Observatory over the 31 December1992-18 January 1993 and the 20 November-3 December 1993 intervals.Additional UBV photometry obtained by the ``Phoenix" and by the CataniaAstrophysical Observatory Automatic Photoelectric Telescopes from 1990to 1993 is also presented for some of the program stars. Significantevolution of the light curves, period variations and evidence forlong-term variability of the global degree of spottedness are found.Some spectral classifications are revised and the inferred photometricparallaxes are compared, whenever possible, with the values measured bythe Hipparcos satellite. These observations are finalized to theconstruction of an extended photometric database, which can giveimportant clues on topics such as the stability of spotted areas,differential rotation, solar-like cycles and the correlation betweeninhomogeneities at different atmospheric levels. Based on data collectedat the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile. Tables and thecomplete data set are also available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/367/910
| Dusty Circumstellar Disks
Dusty circumstellar disks in orbit around main-sequence stars werediscovered in 1983 by the infrared astronomical satellite. It was thefirst time material that was not another star had been seen in orbitaround a main-sequence star other than our Sun. Since that time,analyses of data from the infrared astronomical satellite, the infraredspace observatory, and ground-based telescopes have enabled astronomersto paint a picture of dusty disks around numerous main-sequence andpost-main-sequence stars. This review describes, primarily in anevolutionary framework, the properties of some dusty disks orbiting,first, pre-main-sequence stars, then main-sequence andpost-main-sequence stars, and ending with white dwarfs.
| The Nature of the lithium rich giants. Mixing episodes on the RGB and early-AGB
We present a critical analysis of the nature of the so-called Li-richRGB stars. For a majority of the stars, we have used Hipparcosparallaxes to determine masses and evolutionary states by comparingtheir position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram with theoreticalevolutionary tracks. Among the twenty Li-rich giants whose location onthe HR diagram we were able to determine precisely, five appear to beLi-rich because they have not completed the standard first dredge-updilution, and three have abundances compatible with the maximum allowedby standard dilution. Thus, these should be re-classified as Li-normal.For the remaining stars, the high Li abundance must be a result of freshsynthesis of this fragile element. We identify two distinct episodes ofLi production which occur in advanced evolutionary phases depending uponthe mass of the star. Low-mass RGB stars, which later undergo the heliumflash, produce Li at the phase referred to as the bump in the luminosityfunction. At this evolutionary phase, the outwardly-moving hydrogenshell burns through the mean molecular weight discontinuity created bythe first dredge-up. Any extra-mixing process can now easily connect the3He-rich envelope material to the outer regions of thehydrogen-burning shell, enabling Li production by the Cameron &Fowler (1971) process. While very high Li abundances are then reached,this Li-rich phase is extremely short lived because once the mixingextends deep enough to lower the carbon isotopic ratio below thestandard dilution value, the freshly synthesized Li is quicklydestroyed. In intermediate-mass stars, the mean molecular weightgradient due to the first dredge-up is not erased until after the starhas begun to burn helium in its core. The Li-rich phase in these starsoccurs when the convective envelope deepens at the base of the AGB,permitting extra-mixing to play an effective role. Li production ceaseswhen a strong mean molecular weight gradient is built up between thedeepening convective envelope and the shell of nuclear burning thatsurrounds the inert CO core. This episode is also very short lived.Low-mass stars may undergo additional mixing at this phase. The compileddata provide constraints on the time scales for extra mixing and someinsight on processes suggested in the literature. However, our resultsdo not suggest any specific trigger mechanism. Since the Li-rich phasesare extremely short, enrichment of the Li content of the ISM as a resultof these episodes is negligible.
| Dust around First-Ascent Red Giants
We examine models for the physical conditions in the dust envelopesaround the closest and most conspicuous examples of luminosity class IIIred giants with infrared excesses such as delta And. (1) It has beenpreviously suggested that the dust is sporadically ejected from thestars, but for most such stars, this model seems unlikely. (2) Anotherpossibility is that in some cases we might be witnessing emission frominterstellar dust that happens to be near the star, a ``cirrus hotspot.'' Since 70% of the red giants with infrared excesses lie within100 pc of the Galactic plane where this phenomenon must sometimes occur,many of the excesses might be explained by this effect. However, adifficulty with this model for at least a few bright sources is that ifthe clouds have a uniform density, we expect sizes at 60 μm that areabout a factor of 10 larger than found for the best studied examples. Itseems likely that some class III giants do possess circumstellar dust.(3) The inferred mass of dust around some class III red giants is largerthan 10^26 g, more matter than would be expected when a Vega-type starevolves off the main sequence. Because the dust is inferred to be morethan 100 AU from the star, we hypothesize that the large inferred dustmasses is the result of the disintegration of comets. This model can betested by using the Space Infrared Telescope Facility to measure the 60μm sizes.
| Late-type giants with infrared excess. I. Lithium abundances
de la Reza et al. (1997) suggested that all K giants become Li-rich fora short time. During this period the giants are associated with anexpanding thin circumstellar shell supposedly triggered by an abruptinternal mixing mechanism resulting in the surface Li enrichment. Inorder to test this hypothesis twenty nine late-type giants withfar-infrared excess from the list of Zuckerman et al. (1995) wereobserved in the Li-region to study the connection between thecircumstellar shells and Li abundance. Eight giants have been found tohave log epsilon (Li) > 1.0. In the remaining giants the Li abundanceis found to be much lower. HD 219025 is found to be a rapidly rotating(projected rotational velocity of 23 +/-3 km s(-1) ), dusty and Li-rich(log epsilon (Li) = 3.0+/-0.2) K giant. Absolute magnitude derived fromthe Hipparcos parallax reveals that it is a giant and not apre-main-sequence star. The evolutionary status of HD 219025 seems to besimilar to that of HDE 233517 which is also a rapidly rotating, dustyand Li-rich K giant. The Hipparcos parallaxes of all the well studiedLi-rich K giants show that most of them are brighter than the ``clump"giants. Their position in the H-R diagram indicates that they have gonethrough mixing and the initial abundance of Li is not preserved. Thereseems to be no correlations between Li abundances, rotational velocitiesand carbon isotope ratios. The only satisfactory explanation for theoverabundance of lithium in these giants is the creation of Li by theextra deep mixing and the associated ``cool bottom processing". Based onobservations obtained at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla,Chile, and at the Observatoire de Haute Provence, France.
| A Search for Lithium-Rich Giants among Stars with Infrared Excesses
The unusual nature of the single, rapidly rotating, lithium-rich K giantHDE 233517, which is currently undergoing significant mass loss,prompted a search for giants with similar properties. High-dispersionspectroscopic observations were obtained of HD 219025, a knownlithium-rich infrared-excess giant, plus 39 stars from a list of G and Kgiants with excess far-infrared emission. The projected rotationalvelocities of the vast majority of infrared-excess giants appear to besimilar to those of normal G and K giants. Six giants have lithiumabundances at or above theoretical upper envelope values. The percentageof such stars in the sample of 39 infrared-excess giants is similar tothat of normal giants. The three giants with the largest lithiumabundances have previously been discovered. None of the sample of 39giants have an Hα line similar to the broadened and veryasymmetric line of HDE 233517. The star with optical properties mostsimilar to HDE 233517 is HD 219025.
| On a Rapid Lithium Enrichment and Depletion of K Giant Stars
A model scenario has recently been introduced by de la Reza andcolleagues to explain the presence of very strong Li lines in thespectra of some low-mass K giant stars. In this scenario all ordinary,Li-poor, K giants become Li rich during a short time (~105 yr) whencompared to the red giant phase of 5 x 107 yr. In this "Li period," alarge number of the stars are associated with an expanding thincircumstellar shell supposedly triggered by an abrupt internal mixingmechanism resulting in a surface new 7Li enrichment. This Letterpresents nearly 40 Li-rich K giants known up to now. The distribution ofthese Li-rich giants, along with 41 other observed K giants that haveshells but are not Li rich, in a color-color IRAS diagram confirms thisscenario, which indicates, also as a new result, that a rapid Lidepletion takes place on a timescale of between ~103 and 105 yr. Thismodel explains the problem of the presence of K giants with far-infraredexcesses presented by Zuckerman and colleagues. Other present and futuretests of this scenario are briefly discussed.
| The 73rd Name-List of Variable Stars
Not Available
| HDE 233517: Lithium and Excess Infrared Emission in Giant Stars
Recent studies have identified a small class of moderately rapidlyrotating, chromospherically active, single giants, some of which arelithium rich. We present evidence suggesting the peculiar K-type starHDE 233517 is one such object. Previously, HDE 233517 has been suggestedto be a young star, consistent with its large far-infrared excess andour log epsilon (Li) ~ 3.3. However, our high-resolution spectroscopicobservations show it is likely a single, post--main-sequence K2 giantwith v sin i = 15 km s-1 and modest Ca II H and K emission. The giantstatus of HDE 233517 is determined directly from luminosity-sensitiveline ratios and a lack of significant line wings, and is furthersupported by a large radial velocity (46.5 km s-1), small proper motion,and the presence of interstellar absorption features. Interpretation ofthe data in the context of a recent mass outflow model for giant starsproposed by de la Reza and coworkers indicates that HDE 233517 has thelargest mass-loss rate, ~3 x 10-7 Msolar yr-1, of any known luminosityclass III giant. We suggest that the processes causing rapid rotation,large lithium abundance, and infrared excess are triggered at the baseof the giant branch when the convection zone reaches the rapidlyrotating core of low-mass stars.
| Luminosity Class III Stars with Excess Far-Infrared Emission
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1995ApJ...446L..79Z&db_key=AST
| Long-term monitoring of active stars. IV. UBV(RI)_c_ observations obtained at La Silla in December 1989.
High-precision UBV(RI)_c_ photometry of 23 selected acitve stars,collected at the European Southern Observatory (La Silla, Chile) overthe period 9-28 December 1989, is presented. This paper is part of alarger program focusing on the global properties and evolution of activestars and is aimed at establishing a time-extended database which cangive important clues on topics such as the stability of the spottedareas, differential rotation and solar-like cycles. Significantevolution of the wave-like light curves, period variations and, in mostcases, evidence for long-term variability of the global degree ofspottedness are found for the observed stars. Some spectralclassifications are rediscussed and evidence for a newly discoveredvariable star is given.
| Radio continuum emission from stars: a catalogue update.
An updated version of my catalogue of radio stars is presented. Somestatistics and availability are discussed.
| Lithium in Rs-Canum Binaries and Related Chromospherically Active Stars - Part Two - Spectrum Synthesis Analysis
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...273..194R&db_key=AST
| The 71st Name-List of Variable Stars
Not Available
| Lithium in RS CVn binaries and related chromospherically active stars. I - Observational results
The present survey of the Li I 6708 A line in a sample of spectral typeG and K stars with luminosity classes III, IV, and V shows that manyK-type stars in the sample, including a large number of RS CVn binaries,show an anomalously high Li abundance relative to typical inactive starsof the same spectral type. Only a few stars in the sample are likely tobe premain sequence objects of stars which have recently arrived on themain sequence. Mechanisms that could lead to the enhanced Li absorptionin chromospherically active stars are discussed; these encompass largecool spots on the stellar surface, the production of Li in stellarflares by spallation reactions, and the evolution from main-sequenceprogenitors without, or with very shallow, outer convective zones.
| South galactic CAP G and K stars with infrared excesses
Near-infrared and IRAS photometry is discussed for 13 G and K stars inthe south galactic cap. Five of them show a strong flux excess at 12microns as would be expected from dust shells emitting at temperaturesof several hundred Kelvin. One of them (XY Tau) has previously beenclassified as a 206-d Mira, but the new observations suggest it isactually a variable F or G star. The most likely explanation is that theoriginal classification was wrong and that it is in fact apremain-sequence star. The other four stars are either in very unusualevolutionary states or they are binary systems. The presence oflong-term variations in the near-infrared flux of the flare star CC Eriis reported. The colors are redder when the star is fainter, and thevariations might be associated with the star spot cycle.
| A survey for infrared excesses among high galactic latitude SAO stars
This project involves extending the previous analysis of infraredexcesses among a volume-limited sample of 134 nearby A-K main-sequencestars to a magnitude-limited sample of stars, culled from the SAOCatalog, with excesses determined from the IRAS Point Source Catalogflux density ratios. This new sample includes 5706 B-M type stars, 379of which have infrared excesses. The objective involved use of astatistically complete survey of objects in a standard catalog in orderto assess the frequency with which different physical processes canaffect the infrared output of stars. These processes include, but arenot limited to, orbiting cold particle clouds and the onset of rapidmass loss. It is concluded that cold disks are consistent with theinfrared excesses found among A-G dwarfs and G-K giants in the sample.
| Lithium abundance and chromospheric activity
The relationship between chromospheric activity and lithium abundance inlate-type stars is not well understood. For solar-type stars, it isgenerally believed that chromospheric emission and Li abundance shouldboth decrease with age. However, there are a number of stars with lowCa-II emission and high Li content. The Li line is also strong in manyK-type chromospherically active stars including members of RS CVnbinaries. Some of these stars may be young or even pre-main-sequenceobjects; many other, however, are apparently evolved post-main-sequencestars. Recent observational data are presented that show the presence oflithium in the cool components of many RS CVn binaries and in otherK-type stars with active chromospheres. Several possibilities to explainthe observed Li excess in these stars are discussed.
| An astrometric catalogue of radio stars
The first part is presented of a radio star catalog encompassing 186objects whose selection was guided by the priority criteria of theHipparchos Input Catalogue Consortium. Since these criteria are wellsuited to the need for linkage of ground-based optical systems to radioreference frames, this first selection is also considered a suitablebase for the catalog. Seventeen categories of stellar parameters arefurnished for each of the stars, including optical and radio positions,optical and radio parallax, radial velocity, type of variability, andoptical structure.
| Lithium in chromospherically active stars.
Not Available
| A microwave survey of southern active stars
The results of a survey of 153 active-chromosphere stars made with theParkes 64-m telescope at 5.0/8.4 GHz from 1981 to 1987 are reported.Microwave emission was detected from 70 stars on at least one occasion,with the highest detection rate of 68 percent from the RS CVn group. TheCa II stars and Algol-type binaries yielded detection rates of 44 and 30percent, respectively. The maximum powers emitted by the stars at5.0/8.4 GHz ranged over five orders of magnitude, with a median of 2.5 x10 to the 10th W/Hz. The maximum brightness temperatures had a smallerrange of three orders of magnitude, with a median of 3.6 x 10 to the 9thK.
| An H-alpha survey of southern hemisphere active chromosphere stars
Because of the variety of extraordinary phenomena exhibited by activechromosphere objects, discovery of new, bright surface-active stars isof considerable importance. Ca II emission is a well-known signature ofchromospheric activity, serving even as one of the points of definitionof the class of RS CVn binary stars. In connection with the presentinvestigation, spectroscopic observations of 27 Ca II emission starshave been conducted. The observations make it possible to identifyunambiguously the most chromospherically active stars in the sample. Byobserving the H-alpha line, rather than H and K, it is possible todistinguish nine of these stars which are likely to be observationaltargets as interesting as the extremely surface active objects V711 Tauor FK Com. Of the 27 stars surveyed, two (HD 86005, HD 204128) showedH-alpha as an emission feature above continuum, with estimatedequivalent width 1-2 A.
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