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Infrared Study of J-Type Carbon Stars Based on Infrared Astronomical Satellite, Two Micron All Sky Survey, and Infrared Space Observatory Data
We collected 113 J-type carbon stars from the published literature.Observations from 2MASS, IRAS, and ISO show that, except for silicatecarbon stars in the J-type carbon star domain, the infrared propertiesof the other J-type carbon stars are quite similar to those of ordinarycarbon stars. The above results imply that the chemical peculiarity ofenhanced 13C for J-type carbon stars is not reflected in theinfrared region. In addition, the possible evolutionary scenario andbinarity for J-type carbon stars are also discussed.
| Reprocessing the Hipparcos data of evolved stars. III. Revised Hipparcos period-luminosity relationship for galactic long-period variable stars
We analyze the K band luminosities of a sample of galactic long-periodvariables using parallaxes measured by the Hipparcos mission. Theparallaxes are in most cases re-computed from the Hipparcos IntermediateAstrometric Data using improved astrometric fits and chromaticitycorrections. The K band magnitudes are taken from the literature andfrom measurements by COBE, and are corrected for interstellar andcircumstellar extinction. The sample contains stars of several spectraltypes: M, S and C, and of several variability classes: Mira, semiregularSRa, and SRb. We find that the distribution of stars in theperiod-luminosity plane is independent of circumstellar chemistry, butthat the different variability types have different P-L distributions.Both the Mira variables and the SRb variables have reasonablywell-defined period-luminosity relationships, but with very differentslopes. The SRa variables are distributed between the two classes,suggesting that they are a mixture of Miras and SRb, rather than aseparate class of stars. New period-luminosity relationships are derivedbased on our revised Hipparcos parallaxes. The Miras show a similarperiod-luminosity relationship to that found for Large Magellanic CloudMiras by Feast et al. (\cite{Feast-1989:a}). The maximum absolute Kmagnitude of the sample is about -8.2 for both Miras and semi-regularstars, only slightly fainter than the expected AGB limit. We show thatthe stars with the longest periods (P>400 d) have high mass lossrates and are almost all Mira variables.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA \cite{Hipparcos}).Table \ref{Tab:data1} is only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/403/993
| On the Origin of Long Secondary Periods in Semiregular Variables
The presence of a long secondary period (LSP) in the light curves ofsome local semiregular variables has been known for many years.Furthermore, the LSPs have recently been found in the light curves ofapproximately 25% of the semiregular variables in the LMC. Theytypically have a length of ~500-4000 days, some 5-15 times longer thanthe primary period. Binarity, pulsation, periodic dust ejection, androtation have been suggested as the origin of the LSPs. Here we analyzeechelle spectra of a group of local semiregular variables with LSPs(hereafter LSPVs) in order to try to distinguish between thesesuggestions. In general, we find that LSPVs do not have broader spectralfeatures than semiregulars without a long secondary period (hereafternon-LSPVs). The general upper limit on the equatorial rotation velocityof 3 km s-1 rules out rotating spot and similar models. OneLSPV, V Hya, does have broader spectral lines than similar carbon stars,but it is shown here that rotation alone is not a good model forexplaining the broad lines. Mid-infrared colors of LSPs and non-LSPVsare similar and there are no LSPVs showing the large (60-25) μm IRAScolor exhibited by some R Coronae Borealis (RCB) stars. Thus, there isno evidence for periodic dust ejection from LSPVs. Finally, we find thatthe LSPVs show larger radial velocity variations than non-LSPVs, whichsuggests that LSPs are caused either by binarity or by pulsation. Asimilar conclusion was derived by Hinkle and co-workers.
| Hipparcos red stars in the HpV_T2 and V I_C systems
For Hipparcos M, S, and C spectral type stars, we provide calibratedinstantaneous (epoch) Cousins V - I color indices using newly derivedHpV_T2 photometry. Three new sets of ground-based Cousins V I data havebeen obtained for more than 170 carbon and red M giants. These datasetsin combination with the published sources of V I photometry served toobtain the calibration curves linking Hipparcos/Tycho Hp-V_T2 with theCousins V - I index. In total, 321 carbon stars and 4464 M- and S-typestars have new V - I indices. The standard error of the mean V - I isabout 0.1 mag or better down to Hp~9 although it deteriorates rapidly atfainter magnitudes. These V - I indices can be used to verify thepublished Hipparcos V - I color indices. Thus, we have identified ahandful of new cases where, instead of the real target, a random fieldstar has been observed. A considerable fraction of the DMSA/C and DMSA/Vsolutions for red stars appear not to be warranted. Most likely suchspurious solutions may originate from usage of a heavily biased color inthe astrometric processing.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).}\fnmsep\thanks{Table 7 is onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/397/997
| Carbon-rich giants in the HR diagram and their luminosity function
The luminosity function (LF) of nearly 300 Galactic carbon giants isderived. Adding BaII giants and various related objects, about 370objects are located in the RGB and AGB portions of the theoretical HRdiagram. As intermediate steps, (1) bolometric corrections arecalibrated against selected intrinsic color indices; (2) the diagram ofphotometric coefficients 1/2 vs. astrometric trueparallaxes varpi are interpreted in terms of ranges of photosphericradii for every photometric group; (3) coefficients CR andCL for bias-free evaluation of mean photospheric radii andmean luminosities are computed. The LF of Galactic carbon giantsexhibits two maxima corresponding to the HC-stars of the thick disk andto the CV-stars of the old thin disk respectively. It is discussed andcompared to those of carbon stars in the Magellanic Clouds and Galacticbulge. The HC-part is similar to the LF of the Galactic bulge,reinforcing the idea that the Bulge and the thick disk are part of thesame dynamical component. The CV-part looks similar to the LF of theLarge Magellanic Cloud (LMC), but the former is wider due to thesubstantial errors on HIPPARCOS parallaxes. The obtained meanluminosities increase with increasing radii and decreasing effectivetemperatures, along the HC-CV sequence of photometric groups, except forHC0, the earliest one. This trend illustrates the RGB- and AGB-tracks oflow- and intermediate-mass stars for a range in metallicities. From acomparison with theoretical tracks in the HR diagram, the initial massesMi range from about 0.8 to 4.0 Msun for carbongiants, with possibly larger masses for a few extreme objects. A largerange of metallicities is likely, from metal-poor HC-stars classified asCH stars on the grounds of their spectra (a spheroidal component), tonear-solar compositions of many CV-stars. Technetium-rich carbon giantsare brighter than the lower limit Mbol =~ -3.6+/- 0.4 andcentered at =~-4.7+0.6-0.9 at about =~(2935+/-200) K or CV3-CV4 in our classification. Much like the resultsof Van Eck et al. (\cite{vaneck98}) for S stars, this confirms theTDU-model of those TP-AGB stars. This is not the case of the HC-stars inthe thick disk, with >~ 3400 K and>~ -3.4. The faint HC1 and HC2-stars( =~ -1.1+0.7-1.0) arefound slightly brighter than the BaII giants ( =~-0.3+/-1.3) on average. Most RCB variables and HdC stars range fromMbol =~ -1 to -4 against -0.2 to -2.4 for those of the threepopulation II Cepheids in the sample. The former stars show the largestluminosities ( <~ -4 at the highest effectivetemperatures (6500-7500 K), close to the Mbol =~ -5 value forthe hot LMC RCB-stars (W Men and HV 5637). A full discussion of theresults is postponed to a companion paper on pulsation modes andpulsation masses of carbon-rich long period variables (LPVs; Paper IV,present issue). This research has made use of the Simbad databaseoperated at CDS, Strasbourg, France. Partially based on data from theESA HIPPARCOS astrometry satellite. Table 2 is only available inelectronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr(130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/390/967
| New periodic variables from the Hipparcos epoch photometry
Two selection statistics are used to extract new candidate periodicvariables from the epoch photometry of the Hipparcos catalogue. Theprimary selection criterion is a signal-to-noise ratio. The dependenceof this statistic on the number of observations is calibrated usingabout 30000 randomly permuted Hipparcos data sets. A significance levelof 0.1 per cent is used to extract a first batch of candidate variables.The second criterion requires that the optimal frequency be unaffectedif the data are de-trended by low-order polynomials. We find 2675 newcandidate periodic variables, of which the majority (2082) are from theHipparcos`unsolved' variables. Potential problems with theinterpretation of the data (e.g. aliasing) are discussed.
| Long period variable stars: galactic populations and infrared luminosity calibrations
In this paper HIPPARCOS astrometric and kinematic data are used tocalibrate both infrared luminosities and kinematical parameters of LongPeriod Variable stars (LPVs). Individual absolute K and IRAS 12 and 25luminosities of 800 LPVs are determined and made available in electronicform. The estimated mean kinematics is analyzed in terms of galacticpopulations. LPVs are found to belong to galactic populations rangingfrom the thin disk to the extended disk. An age range and a lower limitof the initial mass is given for stars of each population. A differenceof 1.3 mag in K for the upper limit of the Asymptotic Giant Branch isfound between the disk and old disk galactic populations, confirming itsdependence on the mass in the main sequence. LPVs with a thin envelopeare distinguished using the estimated mean IRAS luminosities. The levelof attraction (in the classification sense) of each group for the usualclassifying parameters of LPVs (variability and spectral types) isexamined. Table only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/374/968 or via ASTRIDdatabase (http://astrid.graal.univ-montp2.fr).
| The effective temperatures of carbon-rich stars
We evaluate effective temperatures of 390 carbon-rich stars. Theinterstellar extinction on their lines of sights was determined andcircumstellar contributions derived. The intrinsic (dereddened) spectralenergy distributions (SEDs) are classified into 14 photometric groups(HCi, CVj and SCV with i=0,5 and j=1,7). The newscale of effective temperatures proposed here is calibrated on the 54angular diameters (measured on 52 stars) available at present from lunaroccultations and interferometry. The brightness distribution on stellardiscs and its influence on diameter evaluations are discussed. Theeffective temperatures directly deduced from those diameters correlatewith the classification into photometric groups, despite the large errorbars on diameters. The main parameter of our photometric classificationis thus effective temperature. Our photometric < k right >1/2 coefficients are shown to be angular diameters on arelative scale for a given photometric group, (more precisely for agiven effective temperature). The angular diameters are consistent withthe photometric data previously shown to be consistent with the trueparallaxes from HIPPARCOS observations (Knapik, et al. \cite{knapik98},Sect. 6). Provisional effective temperatures, as constrained by asuccessful comparison of dereddened SEDs from observations to modelatmosphere predictions, are in good agreement with the values directlycalculated from the observed angular diameters and with those deducedfrom five selected intrinsic color indices. These three approaches wereused to calibrate a reference angular diameter Phi 0 and theassociated coefficient CT_eff. The effective temperatureproposed for each star is the arithmetic mean of two estimates, one(``bolometric'') from a reference integrated flux F0, theother (``spectral'') from calibrated color indices which arerepresentative of SED shapes. Effective temperatures for about 390carbon stars are provided on this new homogeneous scale, together withvalues for some stars classified with oxygen-type SEDs with a total of438 SEDs (410 stars) studied. Apparent bolometric magnitudes are given.Objects with strong infrared excesses and optically thick circumstellardust shells are discussed separately. The new effective temperaturescale is shown to be compatible and (statistically) consistent with thesample of direct values from the observed angular diameters. Theeffective temperatures are confirmed to be higher than the mean colortemperatures (from 140 to 440 K). They are in good agreement with thepublished estimates from the infrared flux method forTeff>= 3170 K, while an increasing discrepancy is observedtoward lower temperatures. As an illustration of the efficiency of thephotometric classification and effective temperature scale, the C/Oratios and the Merrill-Sanford (M-S) band intensities are investigated.It is shown that the maximum value, mean value and dispersion of C/Oincrease along the photometric CV-sequence, i.e. with decreasingeffective temperature. The M-S bands of SiC2 are shown tohave a transition from ``none'' to ``strong'' at Teff =~(2800+/- 150right ) K. Simultaneously, with decreasing effectivetemperature, the mean C/O ratio increases from 1.04 to 1.36, thetransition in SiC2 strength occurring while 1.07<= C/O<= 1.18. This research has made use of the Simbad database operatedat CDS, Strasbourg, France. Table 10 is only available in electronicform at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5)}or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/369/178
| Stars with the Largest Hipparcos Photometric Amplitudes
A list of the 2027 stars that have the largest photometric amplitudes inHipparcos Photometry shows that most variable stars are all Miras. Thepercentage of variable types change as a function of amplitude. Thiscompilation should also be of value to photometrists looking forrelatively unstudied, but large amplitude stars.
| General Catalog of Galactic Carbon Stars by C. B. Stephenson. Third Edition
The catalog is an updated and revised version of Stephenson's Catalogueof Galactic Cool Carbon Stars (2nd edition). It includes 6891 entries.For each star the following information is given: equatorial (2000.0)and galactic coordinates, blue, visual and infrared magnitudes, spectralclassification, references, designations in the most significantcatalogs and coordinate precision classes. The main catalog issupplemented by remarks containing information for which there was noplace in entries of the main part, as well as some occasional notesabout the peculiarities of specific stars.
| IRAS 12311-3509: a carbon star with SiC2 emission
The optical spectrum of the carbon star IRAS 12311-3509 is dominated bythe Merrill-Sanford emission bands of SiC2, by absorption andemission in the Swan system of C2, and by resonance emissionlines of neutral metals. The infrared energy distribution is flat from 1to 60μm. These observations are interpreted as arising from a starwith a cool dusty disc which is edge-on to the observer and obscuresdirect starlight. The infrared continuum is caused predominantly byabsorption of stellar light by dust in the disc and re-emission atlonger wavelengths. The optical stellar spectrum is seen by reflectionoff dusty material which lies out of the plane of the disc, and themolecular and atomic emission arises in the same geometry throughresonance fluorescence. The object has similarities to the J-silicatestars, but may have a carbon-rich rather than oxygen-rich disc. A fullspectroscopic assignment and discussion of the SiC2 bands andtheir intensities are given. Modelling of the rotational contours of the000 band yields a rotational temperature of 250K,indicating very cool gas.
| SiC2 in carbon stars: Merrill-Sanford absorption bands between 4100 and 5500Å
Observations and identifications of the Merrill-Sanford bands of thesilicon dicarbide molecule are reported for a range of N and J stars.The data were recorded at 0.8-1.6Å resolution between 4100 and5500Å. A full description of the assignments and spectral featuresin the stars is given. The spectra are characterized by absorption fromthe ground vibrational level (0,0,0) and from higher-lying vibrationallevels involving one quantum of excitation in ν1, and upto two quanta in ν2 and ν3, giving rise tonumerous hot-bands. The first results of rotational contour calculationsare presented, and are consistent with SiC2 lying in theupper atmosphere of the star with a rotational temperature substantiallylower than that of the photosphere.
| Observations of Mass Loss and Circumstellar Matter around Cool Carbon Stars
Not Available
| Dust extinction and intrinsic SEDs of carbon-rich stars. III. The Miras, CS, and SC stars
The present work is an extension of a recent study by Knapik &Bergeat (\cite{knapik97}), and Bergeat et al. (\cite{berge98b})henceforth called Papers I and II, respectively. The spectral energydistributions (SEDs) of about 440 carbon-rich stars and the interstellarextinction observed on their line of sights were analysed. The methodsoriginally developed for Semi-Regular (SR) and Irregular (L) variables(Paper I: our groups CV1 to CV6) were then extended (Paper II) to thehot carbon (HC) stars (our groups HC0 to HC5) and related objects (RCB,BaII and HdC stars). Shortly, this is a kind of a pair method making usesimultaneously of the whole SED from UV to IR. Our approach is appliedhere to the galactic cool carbon-rich variables which were notconsidered in Paper I, namely the carbon Miras and very cool non-Miras,and the CS and SC variables. The carbon Miras with infrared silicateemission are also studied. The photometric CV1 to CV6 classificationscheme of paper I is implemented, and we add here a later CV7-group anda specific SCV-group which corresponds to spectroscopic SC stars. Acontinuous S-SC-CS-C sequence is clearly supported by our results. Thecarbon stars with IR silicate emission included in our study do havecarbon-rich SEDs of the three consecutive groups HC5, CV1 and CV2. Theystand among the relatively hot carbon variables, in the 3600-3000 Krange in effective temperature. The carbon Miras are satisfactorilydescribed in this enlarged scheme. No specific extension is requiredsince non-Miras are also found in the CV7 and SCV-groups. The derivedgroup is however frequently phase-dependent in these large amplitudevariables. Additional selective extinction of circumstellar (CS) originis observed in variable amounts. The mean extinction law for theinterstellar diffuse medium as tabulated by Mathis (\cite{mathis}) isshown to be relevant. It applies to both interstellar and circumstellarextinction with a possible CS neutral extinction in addition which wouldremain undetected here. The corresponding colour excess E(B-V) is largerat minimum light or intermediate phases than what it is at maximum light(where it can amount to zero). It is associated to large IR excessesattributed to the emission from CS dust. Long-term variations onthousands of days may be interpreted in terms of varying CS dust opacityon the line of sight. The dust influence is discussed. It is shown thatscattering, if substantial on the line of sight in the observing lobe,has to be essentially wavelength-independent, i.e. due to large neutralscatterers, especially in high opacity objects like IRC +10216. Finally,with the HC0 to HC5 classification of HC stars (Paper II), we obtain afourteen groups sequence (HC0 to HC5 and then CV1 to CV7 from theearlier one to the latest one, and SCV for SC stars apart). The numberof studied stars amounts now to about 600 that is about 40 stars pergroup on the average when the oxygen-type SEDs are subtracted. Theeffective temperature calibration of this classification scheme iscurrently in preparation. This research has made use of the Simbaddatabase operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.}\fnmsep\thanks{Partiallybased on data from the ESA HIPPARCOS astrometrysatellite}\fnmsep\thanks{Table~5 is only available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp 130.79.128.5
| The PL relation of galactic carbon LPVs. The distance modulus to LMC
We present a period-luminosity (PL) diagram of 115 galactic carbon-richlong period variables (LPVs) observed by the HIPPARCOS satellite, in theform of the (MK,log P) relation. Our plot is compared to thediagram of carbon variables observed in the Large Magellanic Cloud(LMC). Both diagrams are found very similar and three samples aredelineated: long period variables close to the PL relation of Feast etal. (1989), short period-overluminous variables and a few underluminousLPVs, respectively Samples 1, 2 and 3. The used data were deduced fromexpectations of true parallaxes (Knapik et al. 1997) which arestatistically free of the Lutz-Kelker effect. The remaining bias due tothe non-gaussian distribution of absolute magnitudes is avoided: anon-linear parametric method is applied in Sect. 4 to the analysis ofthe PL relation for Sample 1 (72 LPVs). We obtainMK=(-3.99+/-0.13)log P+(2.07+/-0.15), in good agreement withthe slope found for LMC variables by Reid et al. (1995). The LMCdistance modulus then derived is mu =18.50+/-0.17. A well-defined upperlimit (ul) for long period stars in Sample 1 is found, with similarslopes in both the Galaxy (-4.85) and LMC (-4.72). No correction formetallicity was applied to the results. This research has made use ofthe Simbad database operated at CDS, Strasbourg, France.
| Two mass-losing carbon stars in the Galactic halo
Observations of two mass-losing carbon stars in the Galactic halo, IRAS08546 + 1732 and 12560 + 1656, are presented. These objects werediscovered serendipitously, and stand out from the usual carbon stars athigh galactic latitudes in that they have optical and IRAS colorsconsistent with current mass-loss. New optical spectra, CO observations,and modelling of the spectral energy distribution and of the CO linesare presented. Luminosities are derived using a period-luminosityrelation. From the dust modelling IRAS 08546 + 1732 is found to be at 20kpc from the sun (11.3 kpc from the Galactic plane) and has a mass-lossrate of 3.3 x 10 exp -6 solar masses/yr. From the CO nondetection wededuce that it is probably oxygen-deficient, corroborating earlier work.IRAS 12560 + 1656 is found to be at 8.0 kpc from the sun (7.8 kpc fromthe Galactic plane) and has a mass-loss rate of 1.3 x 10 exp -6 solarmasses/yr. The detection of the (C-12)O J = 2-1 transition in thespectrum of IRAS 12560 + 1656 after an integration time of 10 h makes itprobably the longest (C-12)O integration on a stellar object. Thedetection itself makes the star one of the most distant stellar objectsdetected in the CO line. We examine existing data on the 'fainthigh-latitude carbon stars' and identify two additional distant,mass-losing, N-type AGB stars.
| Classification and Identification of IRAS Sources with Low-Resolution Spectra
IRAS low-resolution spectra were extracted for 11,224 IRAS sources.These spectra were classified into astrophysical classes, based on thepresence of emission and absorption features and on the shape of thecontinuum. Counterparts of these IRAS sources in existing optical andinfrared catalogs are identified, and their optical spectral types arelisted if they are known. The correlations between thephotospheric/optical and circumstellar/infrared classification arediscussed.
| Interstellar extinction and the intrinsic spectral distribution of variable carbon stars.
We present a new method of evaluation of the extinction by interstellardust on cool carbon variables. These late-type stars show no markedrelationship between spectral classification (the R, N- and C-types) andphotometric colour indices. The pair method is thus ruled out, at leastin the form currently in use for early-type or intermediate stars. Ourmethod makes use of the whole spectral energy distributions from UV toIR. A sample of 60 unreddened carbon variables is delineated and newcolour-colour diagrams are proposed where the reddening vector is nearlyperpendicular to their narrow intrinsic locus. Six photometric groups(or boxes : CV1 to 6) are derived among unreddened stars. They show acontinuous range of spectral energy distributions from "bluer" to"redder", and mean colour indices are obtained. A pair method isdescribed where each presumably reddened star is compared to these meanunreddened stars, a given extinction law being assumed. As anillustration, the results are shown for a sample of 133 well-documentedstars. The mean extinction law usually adopted for the diffuseinterstellar medium (R_V_=~3.1) is shown to provide good fits. Thethreshold for reddening detection turns to be E(B-V)=~0.02-0.03A goodcorrelation is observed when the derived colour excesses are compared tovalues from maps in the literature. The mean rate of visual extinctionamounts to =~1.25+/-1.1 , ranging from 0.37 nearl=~240° (intercloud) to 2.1 (cloud + intercloud) in two structurescorrelated with Gould's belt.
| Spectroscopic changes and the variable mean light of carbon stars
The mean light of carbon-rich Mira variables varies on a time-scale ofdecades. The star becomes fainter and redder in all wavebands short ofat least 4 mu, probably as the result of dust formation. The larger theamplitude of the secondary variations the redder the infrared colour.Re- examination of published material shows that M stars also vary inthis way but are rarely observed to do so because these very long-periodMiras (P>450 d) are very faint visually. The cycle-to-cyclevariations in magnitude which are prominent in the light curves of M andS but not carbon Miras are attributed to variations in the strength ofmolecular bands which have much more effect on the visual magnitudes ofM and S stars. Spectroscopic monitoring of four carbon-rich long-periodvariables for 10 years, during which V Hya and R Lep underwent majorfading in visual light, shows that these episodes are accompanied bystrong emission in the (0, 0) band at 5165 A in the Swan system of C_2.Differences between these dust fadings and those of the R CoronaeBorealis stars are noted, and other models are considered.
| Optical Absorption and Emission Bands of SiC 2 in Carbon Stars
Observations of the Merrill-Sanford bands of SiC2 in the 4750--5050 Aspectral region, seen in absorption in some carbon stars and in emissionin IRAS 12311-3509, are reported. Vibrational band assignments based onrecent laser-based laboratory electronic spectroscopy of this moleculeconstitute substantial revisions compared with earlier work. Vibrationalhot bands are very strong when present in carbon stars, but were greatlyweakened in T Mus for a time in 1994, indicating that the bands werethen formed in a cooler region than that typical of carbon starphotospheres. Emission bands of SiC2, with intensities that areconsistent with optical excitation of cool gas, appear in IRAS12311-3509 which is probably a J-type carbon star occulted by a dustydisk so that the star is seen by reflection from material out of theplane of the disk.
| A Moderate-Resolution Spectral Atlas of Carbon Stars: R, J, N, CH, and Barium Stars
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJS..105..419B&db_key=AST
| Semiregular variables of types SRa and SRb. New JHKL'M-photometry for 200 stars.
This paper presents new JHKL'M observations of 200 Semiregular variables(SRVs) of types SRa and SRb. The sample was defined in Kerschbaum &Hron (1992a, Paper I) by means of a certain limit in bolometricalmagnitude. From the sample of 350 objects, 260 now have near infrared(NIR) photometry - for 60 of these stars data from the literature areused. In total 290 datasets are available because of some multipleobservations. We briefly compare the photometry obtained at differentobservatories. Small but significant differences are found. A firstanalysis of the photometry supports one of the main findings of Paper I.The, in many aspects inhomogeneous, O-rich semiregular variables oftypes SRa and SRb can be successfully split in two subgroups called the`blue' and `red'/`Mira' SRVs. A separation of the `red' SRVs fromintrinsic Miras additionally requires variability information.
| Evolution from visual to infrared carbon stars: Interrupted mass-loss model
a set of self-consistent model calulations of the evolution from visualcarbon stars to infrared carbon stars is presented. A two-shell systemmodel, the interrurpted mass-loss model (oxygen-rich detached shell andnewly forming SiC dust shell), has been developed. This model overcomesthe shortcomings of the single detached-shell model (Chan and Kwok 1988)and the SiC shell model (Chan and Kwok 1990). A new mass-loss formula,which describes the gradually increasing mass-loss rate at the earlystage of the infrared carbon stars, is introduced to simulate the effectof the newly forming SiC shell. The model tracks successfully explain a'C' -shaped distribution of carbon stars in the color-color diagram. Theenergy distributions of approximately 110 transition objects are fittedwith devloping SiC dust shells using the interrupted mass-loss model.The existence of these transition objects with infrared propertiesintermediate between visual and infrared carbon stars, lends futhersupport to the idea of an evolutionary link between visual and infraredcabon stars.
| Revised MK spectral classification of the red carbon stars
The spectral classification of the red carbon stars has been broughtinto the revised MK system by combining some of the features of the oldR, N, and C classifications, as modified by Yamashita, and addingnumerical abundance indices. The new types are intended to (1) definethe population to which the star belongs, (2) allow quick interpolationbetween the detailed atmospheric analyses of individual stars, and (3)indicate the differences between carbon stars in different parts of ourgalaxy, and in other galaxies. It is the flexibility of the notation,allowing the incorporation of improved criteria, that should make thenew system useful.
| Identification of 106 new infrared carbon stars in the IRAS Point Source Catalog - Near-infrared photometry and their space distribution in the galaxy
A method based solely on IR colors - the combination of near-IR and IRAScolors - is used to identify 106 new IR carbon stars (IRCS). It is shownthat the proportion of IRCS in a region of the IRAS two-color diagrampreviously thought to contain the largest concentration of such stars isnot as large as expected for the faintest objects. A local spatialnumber density of about 12 IRCS/sq kpc is estimated. It is shown to beuniform within 5 to 11 kpc from the galactic center. The local ratio ofIRCS to optical carbon stars is found to be about 35 percent. A totalrestitution rate of about 10 to the -4 solar masses/yr/sq kpc isderived. The efficiency of the combination of near and mid-IR photometryfor the study of AGB stars is confirmed.
| On the nature of the excess 100 micron flux associated with carbon stars
The emission from carbon stars with circumstellar dust shells ofdifferent structure, composition, opacity, and age was modeled with thepurpose of determining the origin of the excess flux in the FIR andtesting the detached shell hypotheses of Willems (1987) and Olofsson etal. (1990). Three possible sources for the excess flux were identified:(1) cool dust in a single extended shell; (2) emission from dust in theintervening interstellar medium; or (3) emission from a two-shell systemin which the additional shell is a remnant from an earlier mass-lossepisode. It was found that only the two-shell model with a remnant shellwhich is at least 1 pc thick could explain the 60- and 100-micron fluxexcesses seen in carbon stars with dust shells of a given opacity.Calculations of time scales for the production of the detached shellsand of the carbon star lifetime were found to be consistent with theevolutionary scenario proposed by Willems.
| Revised Elements. III. UZ Persei, V Lyncis, X Octantis, T Muscae, SZ Arae, and GY Aquilae
The long period variables UZ Per, V Lyn, X Oct, T Mus, SZ Ara, and GYAql, considered for the HIPPARCOS observing program, have been studiedusing the Harvard College Observatory photographic plate collection.Previously published elements have been revised.
| A general catalogue of cool carbon stars
Not Available
| IRAS catalogues and atlases - Atlas of low-resolution spectra
Plots of all 5425 spectra in the IRAS catalogue of low-resolutionspectra are presented. The catalogue contains the average spectra ofmost IRAS poiont sources with 12 micron flux densities above 10 Jy.
| Photometry and Radial Velocities of Southern Carbon Stars
Not Available
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| קבוצת-כוכבים: | זבוב |
| התרוממות ימנית: | 13h21m13.84s |
| סירוב: | -74°26'31.0" |
| גודל גלוי: | 7.886 |
| מרחק: | 1724.138 פארסק |
| תנועה נכונה: | 3.7 |
| תנועה נכונה: | -3.7 |
| B-T magnitude: | 11.691 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.201 |
קטלוגים וכינוים:
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